In 265 B.C., five hundred years after its founding, Rome was master of the Italian peninsula. It then reached out westward across the sea. In less than a hundred years it had conquered the islands of Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, the powerful state of Carthage in North Africa, and much of Spain. Thereupon it turned eastward and northward. It conquered all the remaining lands around the Mediterranean Sea, all of Gaul to the north, and parts of modern Germany. In the course of this expansion, Palestine
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